5 Common Causes of Elevator Problems in Commercial Buildings

Property and facility managers are responsible for keeping buildings operating safely and efficiently, and elevator issues are among the most disruptive problems they encounter. When an elevator begins to operate improperly, identifying the source of the problem early can help prevent expensive repairs and extended downtime. Below are five common causes of elevator malfunctions and what to look for during an inspection.

1. Worn or Damaged Bearings

Bearings play a critical role in the smooth operation of an elevator's motor. During a routine inspection, check for worn, damaged, or contaminated bearings and verify that all grounding connections are secure. Excessive motor vibration can create common-mode currents, increasing vibration levels and stray electrical currents that accelerate bearing wear. While variable frequency drives can reduce energy consumption, they may also contribute to bearing deterioration over time. Installing an inductive absorber is a common solution that helps eliminate harmful currents and protects the motor from premature failure.

2. Lubrication and Fluid Condition

Proper lubrication is essential for reliable elevator performance. Inspect fluid levels, seals, and the system for any signs of leakage. Oil samples should also be evaluated for contamination. Elevated bronze particles in the gearbox oil can indicate abnormal wear of the crown gear, while excessive aluminum found in the hydraulic fluid may signal wear within the hydraulic pump housing. Detecting these issues early can prevent more significant mechanical failures.

3. Improper Equipment Alignment

Correct alignment between the elevator motor and connected equipment is vital for efficient operation. Even minor misalignment can increase wear and reduce system performance. Laser alignment tools provide the most accurate measurements, but a straightedge and string line can also be used to verify proper alignment when specialized equipment is unavailable.

4. Electrical Power Issues

Elevators rely on a consistent electrical supply to operate correctly. Infrared thermography is an effective method for identifying abnormal temperature changes that may point to electrical problems. Voltage fluctuations can negatively affect elevator performance and may lead to overheating or motor damage. Significant temperature increases often indicate electrical imbalances or developing motor issues. If an elevator has experienced repeated power-related problems, thermal imaging can help pinpoint the underlying cause.

5. Rope and Sheave Wear

The ropes and sheaves work together to move the elevator safely through the hoistway. As these components wear, they can accelerate deterioration of one another. During inspections, examine the groove profiles to ensure the ropes fit the sheaves correctly. A visual inspection, combined with magnetic testing and groove measurements using a straightedge, can determine whether the sheaves require re-grooving or if the ropes should be replaced.

Prevent Small Problems from Becoming Major Repairs

Routine inspections of these critical components can identify developing issues before they become costly repairs or cause unexpected elevator outages. Addressing wear, alignment, lubrication, electrical performance, and rope conditions proactively helps improve reliability, extend equipment life, and provide safer operation for building occupants.

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